Bounties

A Bounty is a set amount of money placed on a person's head as a reward for their capture/death. Normally a bounty is issued by a government official or by the police. The idea is to tempt others to aid with the capture of the said criminal so he or she can be brought to justice quickly; the amount increases with the individual's threat level. The money often leads people, known as Bounty Hunters to make careers trying to find and capture these wanted people. In the Whiskey Peak arc, the Baroque Works agents state that up to 30% of the bounty money may be lost bringing in someone dead as opposed to alive and promoting a public execution.
In the eye of a pirate, a high bounty may actually be a source of pride for them, seen in Luffy's enthusiasm on his first bounty and Sanji's constant complaining of his lack of bounty and bad picture when he finally gets one. After all, having been assigned a bounty means that the World Government as well as the Marines acknowledge the threat of the person to whom it is assigned. For others, such as Kuro, it can be an annoyance.
Earning a large bounty in quick time also gives the pirate notorious attention and (generally) global reputation. After earning a bounty of Beli 80,000,000 in a single campaign, the World Government offered Boa Hancock the position of Shichibukai. Blackbeard believed he could become a Shichibukai member if he defeated Monkey D. Luffy, whose bounty jumped from Beli 30,000,000 to Beli 100,000,000 following the defeat of Baroque Works then Beli 300,000,000 by annihilating CP9 members and marines, rescuing Nico Robin, and destroying Enies Lobby; Blackbeard would settle for acheiving his goal by capturing Ace instead, and succeed.
Since bounties are perhaps the one way for many to compare different people, stacking them against averages helps determine an approximate "threat level". For example, the average bounty in the East Blue is Beli 3,000,000, so a big one there would probably be Beli10,000,000 or more. Since East Blue is defined as the weakest of the four seas outside of the Grand Line, West, North, and South Blue must have higher average bounties and have a greater number of famous criminals hailing from their waters. However, the four 'cardinal (direction)' seas pale in comparison to the Grand Line (up to Mariejoie), where an average bounty is around Beli 100,000,000, while pales in comparision to the New World (or the second half of the Grand Line), where Beli 100,000,000 is common or weak. And the only persons confirmed to have traveled in the New World (all of whom, it is noteworthy, are either dead or have not directly commented on their travels) are: Gol D. Roger, Silvers Rayleigh, Crocus, Red-Haired Shanks and most of his crew, Whitebeard and most of his crew, "Red Leg" Zeff, Fisher Tiger "The Adventurer", and "Saw-Tooth" Arlong.
The full extent of the greatest bounties in the world have not yet been shown in detail. Four of the seven known bounties of the current Shichibukai members are around Beli 300,000,000 - from Jinbei's Beli 250,000,000 to Doflamingo's Beli 340,000,000. The greatest amount seen in the series is the former 340,000,000 bounty of the Shichibukai Donquixote Doflamingo, and it is known (due to a SBS) that a bounty can achieve Beli 500,000,000. While there never was a bounty that high shown in the series, the actual top bounties in the world are expected to belong to characters including Whitebeard, called the Most Wanted Man in the World and closest to finding One Piece, and members of Gold Roger's crew like Silvers Rayleigh (who is known to have a active bounty). So far Dragon has been deemed "the most wanted criminal in the world".
A bounty reflects both the threat and power of an individual. Engaging in activities deemed criminal by the World Government, associating yourself with groups deemed dangerous by the World Government, or participating in forbidden practices (especially researching the Poneglyphs) will usually give you a bounty or increase it. Even performing acts dedicated to self-preservation (like Luffy declaring war on the World Government to save Robin) can cause people to be assigned bounties if it goes against the law.
In the case of power, a bounty can increase for several reasons:
  • The threat of a person's observed combat abilities (as said by Aokiji);
  • More experienced bounty hunters volunteering to capture the individual or group (like the Achino Family, non-canonically, trying to catch the entire Straw Hat Crew);
  • Inspiring criminal acts when provoked or inciting others to act 'criminally' (for example, Whitebeard destroying Marine ships that followed his fleet for reconnaissance and Dragon [Luffy's father] leading his organization to topple countries allied with the World Government);
The power of a criminal is very limited knowledge to the Marines; unless the division is strongly linked to Marine HQ at Mariejoie (having a high-rank commanding officer like Garp) or can gather information locally, most Marines have a general idea (if any) what abilities a wanted person has. For example, Tony Tony Chopper has been mistaken as the Straw Hat crew's pet (equaling his bounty of only Beli 50) even though he defeated Kumadori of CP9 and assaulted Marines; Luffy's cumulative bounty does not include his victory over Eneru because Skypiea is a relatively unknown area to the Blue Seas, and even on the Shaboady Archipelago Marines remark that he has a power of the Devil Fruit but cannot identify it until seeing it used; and Arlong paid the corrupt Marine Nezumi to not report his activities.

See also: Straw Hat Pirates' Bounties, Shichibukai ex-Bounties, East Blue Bounties, West Blue Bounties, South Blue Bounties, North Blue Bounties, Grand Line Bounties.

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